Comparison of Photography Perspectives

Contents page

Assignment: Learning from the Past

Page 1: Information and contact info

Page 2: Contents page

Page 3: Figure Contents page

Page 4: Perspectives & photographic beginnings

Page 5: Photographic beginnings

Page 6: Photographic beginnings

Page 7: Photographic beginnings & Photography as Art

Page 8: Photography as Art

Page 9: Photography as Art

Page 10: Photography as Art & Photography as Truth

Page 11: Photography as Truth

Page 12: Photography as Truth

Page 13: Photography as Truth

Page 14: Photography as Truth

Page 15: Photography as Truth &

Photography Everywhere

Photographic Beginnings

The first permanent photograph was believed to have been published between 1826 and 1827 by a French man named Joseph Nicephore Niepce. This image was named ‘View from the Window at Le Gras’. Niepce created a material that expanded depending on its exposure to light: this process was called heliography and it used a process known as lithography. However, this process was not without its flaws, as the material created required a minimum of eight hours’ exposure, for a single image.

Despite Niepce’s creation, the term photography wasn’t used until 1839. The term was first used by an Englishman named Sir John Herschel. The term photography originates from two Greek words; ‘photo’ and ‘graphia’. ‘Photo’ means light and ‘graphia’ means writing and drawing, thus suggesting that the photography means to write or draw with light. As a result, the first official record of the photograph, under the term photography is dated to have been published in 1839 by a French man named Louie Daguerre. Photography was expensive between 1826 and 1839 and therefore it was only used by the ‘upper class’ that could afford to experiment using scientific knowledge, which is why photography only became public knowledge in 1839.

Nicephore formed a partnership in 1829 with Louie Daguerre to try to reduce his eight-hour exposure time. This led to the next development: Louie Daguerre, using what he had worked on with Niepce, created plates made of silver copper material. This creation allowed him to take the 8-hour exposure and reduce it down to just thirty minutes. This invention was later named the Daguerreotype in 1840. In 1840 using his invention he was able to produce the first fixed image of the moon.

Figure 1: Daguerreotype of the moon 1840

This image proves that technology can fix what the naked eye can’t. Despite this image the prototype of the Daguerreotype had flaws, the material was expensive to produce, meaning that only one print of the image could be produced at once. Thus, suggesting that in order to make any replacement copies of the image two identical cameras would need to be set up next to one another and triggered at the same time.

This led to the creation of the Calotype by English scientist William Fox Talbot. The Calotype used Latent material, allowing the image to be fixed to paper. It also had flaws as the images were produced as negatives, but the material was cheaper, making it easier to produce more than one copy of a single image.

Figure 2: William Fox Talbot: Calotype 1842/43

The Calotype was introduced in 1841 and, originally is said to have been created to fix the flaws of the Daguerreotype, on the other-hand this may not be the case. In order for the inventions to be published each scientist had to provide a scientific paper stating all their findings and what led them to their designs. It was these publications of their findings that prove that the Calotype may have been invented before the Daguerreotype and it just happens that the latter became public knowledge earlier. Talbot’s research paper was published on the 31st of January 1839, whereas Daguerre’s paper wasn’t published until the 19th of August the same year. Thus, suggesting that the Calotype was an earlier invention.

The ‘Great Exhibition’ was held between May 1st and October 15th, 1851 in Hyde Park London, it featured 770 of both the Calotype and Daguerreotype. The aim was to portray work that showed the industrial, artistic and technological achievements for the 9 nations that entered. This was one of the first exhibitions that showed photography as art.

Another creation that helped to change photography was the invention of movement photography. The first set of movement images were taken by an English man named, Eadweard Muybridge. In 1872 he was hired by Leland Stanford to take images of horses, in order to assess whether all four hooves of a racehorse leave the ground at once. For his experiment Muybridge placed 24 identical ‘large plate cameras’ in a line, the horse would trigger the cameras by breaking a trip wire as it ran past the lenses. In 1877 his images finally proved that all four hooves do in fact leave the ground together for a split second.

Figure 3: Eadweard Muybridge 1877 horse experiment

As a result of the inventions created between 1826 and 1877 photography had evolved from an expensive scientific experiment to an everyday process used by a wider audience, due to easier to use equipment.

Photography as Art

The Pictorialist movement dominated photography during the late 19th century and early 20th due to its popularity up until World War 1, its competition being modernism. Pictorialism was in part a reaction against the ease of taking images from the 1880’s. The Pictorialist photographers aimed to depict normal places with psychological and spiritual meaning and focusing on interpretive qualities rather than documentary qualities. The movement was influenced heavily by the pre-raphaelites. They did this by using light, shade and soft focusing techniques to create an atmosphere of their choosing. The movement was most popular in the USA, Europe, Asia and Australia between 1890 and 1930. It eventually gave way to realism in the 1920’s.

The term realism is given to those that depicted scenes without making them abstract. Realism was a strong art movement in France and its aim was to rebel against traditional historical and religious subjects.

Figure 4: Paul Strand: 1915 ‘Wall Street, New York’

The term F.64 refers to a small aperture setting for large-format cameras, to give a large depth of field and ensures that the image has a sharp focus in both the foreground and background. This aperture setting was also used as the name for a group of photographers during the 20th century, in the California area of the USA. The group’s aim was to fight against the artistic movement known as pictorialism. They did this by producing images that were carefully framed with characteristics such as sharp focusing. The group’s influence was straight photography. They printed their images as negative contact prints with sharp focus on glossy paper.

Famous photographer Edward Westin gave Willard Van Dyke his start by offering him an apprenticeship. After witnessing the success of an exhibition by his mentor in 1931, Dyke decided to stage his own exhibition at his home.

Figure 5: Edward Westin 1930 Exhibition

This led to Dyke opening his own home up as an exhibition space where he showed off his work.

Dyke’s house exhibition eventually became a meeting place for a close group of photographers, for who were interested in displaying their own work to the public. This group later became known as the F.64 Group.

Figure 6: Willard Van Dyke ‘Bone and Sky’ 1932

The F.64 Group was founded by Van Dyke along with Ansel Adams but others say that Imogen Cunningham helped Adams start the group. The group also consisted of Edward Weston, Henry Swift and John Paul. At times guest photographers were invited to produce their work with the group, these included: Brett Weston, Sonya Noskowiak, Consuelo Kanaga, Alma Lavenson and Preston Holder.

Figure 7: Group F.64

Together the group of photographers convinced the director of the De Young Museum in San Francisco to allow them to put on their first exhibition, which eventually opened to the public on the 15th of November 1932 and ran for approximately six weeks. Each image in the collection was priced at $10.00 except for Edward Weston’s images which were each priced at $15, due to his greater experience. The collection showed 10 pieces by Adams. Edwards, Noskowiak. Swift, Van Dyke and Edward Weston, each had 9 pieces. Holder, Kanga, Levason and Brett Weston, each had 4 published. Despite their success the group supposedly disbanded in 1940 after eight years together.

The group helped to change the way photography was viewed in the world of art and their work influenced other museums. As a result, the first major gallery in Britain dedicated to photography, (the photographer’s gallery) opened in London in 1970, created by Sue Davies. Another museum that showed photography as art was the Victoria and Albert (V&A) Museum. The V & A’s photographic exhibition opened in 1852, and has been expanding ever since. In the 1970s it was revealed that the collection put together by Mark Haworth-Booth had 3,000,000 images.

To conclude the F.64 group helped to create a movement that spanned at least 4 decades long. There work also helped to have photography viewed as an art form rather than just a scientific experiment or creation. The straight photography movement helped to place photography on the map alongside art. Without the groups work photography would not be as well-known or well used today.

Photography and Truth

Post World War 1 turned many art photographers in to photojournalists so that they could make money to live. Photojournalism differs from documentary, street and celebrity photography as it aims to remain honest and impartial, however it is not necessarily truthful. Documentary photography is a style that aims to provide a straightforward and accurate representation of places, people, objects and events and are often used in news-reports.

The tabloid was created in 1919, by the ‘Illustrated Daily News’, in New York. The tabloid differed from a broadsheet paper because it was smaller and more compact. It used eye-catching images, allowing them to reduce the amount of text used. Tabloids commonly delivered images on crime, violence and disasters. Large images, with brief captions, were used allowing illiterate people to understand what was going on.

The German politically aligned illustrated magazine the ‘BIZ’ (The Berlin Illustrated newspaper) helped to pioneer photo essays in the 1920s. Martin Munkacsi worked for the ‘Biz’ and helped to pioneer the photo essays. The ‘BIZ’ eventually led to the startup of the ‘Life’ magazine in the USA, founded in 1936. Britain followed shortly after by starting pictures posts in 1938, under Stefan Lorant.

Newspapers started printing images due to a decline in literacy rates. This also allowed them to influence people’s views through visually as a form of propaganda. Germany heavily relied on propaganda especially under the reign of Hitler during World War 2.

The first candid image was published in the German newspaper ‘Zietung’, taken by Erich Salmon.

The first pictures of war were taken during the Crimean War in 1854 by Rodger Fenton. The images taken during these wars were used to enhance the text, and the aim was to prevent them from leading the story.

Figure 4: Roger Fenton: The Crimean War 1855

Pictures used for newspapers were routinely cropped, retouched and sequenced without the photographer’s prior knowledge or permission. This was also done for fashion magazines such as Vogue. Vogue airbrushed images of musicians or actors to make them look skinny or a certain way that was not normal. These are two examples of Vogue airbrushing celebrities in post-production to create a certain image.

Figure 5: Vogue edit of Kate Figure 6: Vogue editing in post-production an image of singer Lady Gaga

As a result, it is harder to known what the truth is when it comes to imagery these days. This is because it can be edited to suit the process it is being used for, an example it can be adapted to suit the political agenda of the newspapers/magazines they are publishing them in.

Magnum photojournalist photographer Steve McCurry’s most famous photograph was the ‘Afghan girl’. The image was created in 1984 and used for the front cover of the ‘National Geographic magazine’ in 1985.

Figure 7: Steve McCurry’s ‘Afghan Girl’ 1984 (National Geographic Magazine)

However, since then McCurry has been caught in editing scandals. An image in particular is an image he took in Cuba of a street view (fig. 6). McCurry moved the signpost away from behind the man’s leg. This meant that the image was no longer showing this street view exactly as he would have seen it. He also edited another image of boys playing football, the edited version shows less boys in the image.

Figure 8: Steve McCurry: Cuba

Figure 9: Steve McCurry: Boys playing Football

Due to editing software such as Photoshop and Lightroom it is hard to know if images are showing the full truth, and to what extent might they have been manipulated in post-production. Manipulation can also be used by marketers through advertisement and product designs. This is a type of manipulation because they are persuading you to purchase their items over competitors. Images can be manipulated to enhance or saturate the colour and tone of the image. On the other-hand they could be cropped, zoomed in to lead you to a more important object in the image.

Another type of editing is to use people to show others what certain conditions are like in less fortunate countries. This was the case during the ‘Great depression, of the 1930s’, photographed by Dorothea Lang. Her most famous image from that time was named ‘the migrant mother’, photographed in 1936.

Figure 10: The Migrant Mother Dorothea Lang: during the Great Depression (1936)

Post production techniques were developed to allow photographs to be manipulated for a variety of purposes including art, advertising and propaganda. These techniques broadened the range of uses for photography, paving the way for an explosion or increase in demand.

Photography Everywhere

The rise of mass media in Britain came in 1904 with the likes of the women’s magazine, the ‘Daily Mirror’, published in London and the USA version ‘New York Illustrated Daily News’. During this period the newspapers and magazines used a photomechanical process to produce replacers, rather than publishing the original images. This allowed the circulation of images to be brought to the attention of more people.

The early 1920s saw some progress in photography, but newspapers and magazines still required the use of mail and or special delivery of photographs to be used, otherwise known as transitions. This was a slow process, which meant that images would be published sometime after events had taken place. The ‘New York Daily Graphic’ is proof as to how slow this system was, with its article on the Great flood, that killed thousands of people. The flood took place on May 31st, 1889 in Johnston, Pennsylvania USA, but the photos were not published until the 6th of June, the same year. This is due to the time it took to receive and produce the images.

Figure 11: The Great Flood 1889

The 1920s also saw the change of motion images; they were originally used solely for amusement but eventually became used for widespread public entertainment. It saw motion pictures adapted from still images into to a multiple collection of moving images creating a movie. These images where shot on film roles. The 1920s took the film making industry to a new high with the likes of Hollywood becoming popular.

Figure 12: 1923-1935 logos for upcoming movie making firm Warner Bros. Pictures: )

By 1930, about a billion photos were taken a year. Jump forward three decades to 1960 and about 3 billion photos were taken a year.) claims that the main subjects for images were also changing, as in 1960 roughly 55 percent of the images taken where of babies. Due to technological advances by 1970, about 10 billion photos were taken. In just 40 years the number of photographs taken each year had expanded by approximately 9 billion. By 1980 it was predicted that about 25 billion images were taken. 1990 saw roughly 57 billion images taken, which is 32 billion photos each year more than had been produced just a decade earlier.

Fast Forward to 2000 and it was predicted that about 86 billion images were taken. This is an increase of 29 billion, from the previous decade, (not as big of a difference between 1980 and 1990). In the 21st Century the growth of the number of images taken each year keeps increasing due to technological advances. An invention that changed photography, the number of images taken and the way we view them in the 21st century is the ‘smartphone’. Smartphones have allowed photography to be created and viewed by a considerably larger audience. On the downside, it allows more people to class themselves as photographers, reducing the difference between the public and professional photographers.

As a result of the smartphone it makes it harder for Contemporary photographs to make a living from there images. A contemporary documentary photographer, Martin Parr uses humour, in his images in order to compete against the smartphone photographers. According to Parr’s website (https://www.martinparr.com/introduction/) he uses his images to show how we live and present ourselves to others. He also aims to ‘present and publish the same photos in the context of art photography, in exhibitions and in art books’.

Figure 13: GB. England, New Brighton 1985

The IPhone created by Apple was the pioneer behind the ‘smartphone age’. Unknown to Apple and the world this invention would change the photographic industry considerably. Some say it was for the best and that it revolutionised photography, on the other-hand others say it did more damage than good, as it led to a rapid decline in camera sales. The original iPhone premiered on the market on the 29th June 2007.

The ‘smartphone’ invention led to the creation of online sharing platforms best known as social media apps. These included the likes of Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter. The outcome has been a drastic change as to how we take images. As a result of smartphone and social media platforms photography has become more every day, turning portraiture into selfies. These platforms and the creation of the smartphone has ensured that the number of images taken has risen, it is revealed that now every 2 minutes more images are taken than the number created throughout the 1980s.

Figure 14: Social media platforms:

According to the BBC One show in 2018 it is predicted that roughly 1.2 trillion images were taken between January 1st and December 13th, which is the equivalent to about 160 photographs taken by everyone on the planet. Plus, the majority of these images are uploaded to social media, roughly an estimated 1 billion photos are uploaded online every day.

Over time photography has evolved from a highly technical and complex activity, used for scientific experiments to an everyday activity undertaken by majority of the population. It has seen the change from large format cameras into visual, pocket sized digital cameras. Technological advances have also seen the 8 hour exposure created in 1826 by Joseph Nicephore Niepce be squashed into a number of seconds for an iPhone. Over the past two centuries photography has evolved as a medium to record events and as a tool for artistic expression into a tool to promote ideas and product.

Presentation: https://www.canva.com/design/DAFB4rkuvus/AudO6D1oQLJV2z3G5epPMw/view?utm_content=DAFB4rkuvus&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=homepage_design_menu

Monthly diagnostic test

She has finished the bird house today. (to finish)

We have not translated the whole text yet. (not / to translate)

Have you ever been to Rome? (to be)

Where have you been lately? (to be)

He has locked the door. (to lock)

I have not heard from you for ages. (not / to hear)

Tom already has graduated from university. (to graduate)

Have the children prepared for the concert? (to prepare for)

What has Kate eaten for breakfast today? (to eat)

They have watched an interesting program this week. (to watch)

He has not eaten an ice-cream since August. (not / to eat)

We have found the way. (to find)

How has he spend all of his money? (to spend)

Jim and Jill have answered the question right. (to answer)

Rachel has not talked to him since Friday. (not / to talk to)

Have You lostyour mind? (to lose)

What has your mother baked for your birthday? (to bake)

Has he ever been to Niagara Falls? (to be)

They have not recieved any answer yet. (not / to receive)

Where have you been this year? (to be)

Michael jackson

Michael Jackson💛

Posted on 11.05.2021

 

Early Life and Family💛

 

Dear teachers and students, we are happy to see you here. Today, you will know a little bit more about Michael Jackson and will listen to his great songs.💛 _ Tamie 1.1

 

Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana. Under his father’s encouragement, Jackson’s career in music began at the age of 5.💛 – Tamara 1.2

 

He had a big family with 3 sisters and 5 brothers. Jackson’s mother, Katherine Jackson was a homemaker. His father, Joseph Jackson, had been a guitarist who put aside his musical aspirations to provide for his family as a crane operator. – Julie 1.2

 

MJ’s father was violent with him and his brothers. He faced physical and emotional abuse during unceasing rehearsals. During an interview, he had revealed that his father used to beat him and his brothers with a strap and didn’t regret doing so. – Tamie 1.1

 

Being a pop star is very simple. The job involves two main elements. First, there’s what you do – singing, dancing, songwriting. Second, there’s how you do it. So you have the songs, and then you have the singer – the art and the ­artist. And the trick to becoming a ­pop star is knowing how to combine those two parts. Michael Jackson did something else. He found a way to make those two ­elements react, so strongly that they created something phenomenal and unique – an explosion of creativity built into the ­persona of an almost intergalactically brilliant pop star. – Lily 1.2

 

Known as the “King of Pop,” Michael Jackson was a best-selling American singer, songwriter and dancer. As a child, Jackson became the lead singer of his family’s popular Motown group, the Jackson 5. – Elen 1.2

 

He gave his first public performance at the age of 5 singing Climb Every Mountain. – Yulia 1.2

 

Before all his concerts, Michael Jackson used a caramel drink dissolved in hot water. He was convinced that the drink improved his voice. – Melanya 1.1

 

He has 23 Guinness World Records, 40 Billboard Awards, 13 Grammys, and 26 American Music Awards. – Elen 1.2

 

Let’s listen to Simon’s wonderful play on the piano. – Tamie 1.1

 

SIMON — PIANO

 

Interesting facts about Michael Jackson’s “Billie Jean”💛

 

1. ‘Billie Jean’ was mixed 91 times by Bruce Swedien. 💛 – Vahe 1.2

 

2. Michael Jackson said he came up with the idea while driving his Rolls-Royce down a motorway. He was so absorbed by the song that he didn’t notice his car had caught fire. A guy passing on a motorcyclist warned him and saved his life.💛 – Hovhannes 1.3

 

3. Jackson and Jones quarelled over the title of the song. Worried that people would confuse the name with tennis player Billie Jean King, Jones wanted to change the name to ‘Not My Lover’. Jackson won that battle.💛 Hrachuhi – 1.1

 

4. MJ didn’t create “Moonwalk”. Dancer and singer Jeffrey Daniel pioneered the dance move the backslide – which, after he taught it to Michael Jackson and he made it known as moonwalk.💛 – Simon 1.2

 

 

After signing a $5 million deal with Pepsi-Cola, he got severely injured while filming a commercial for them. It caused burns to his face and scalp. When his injuries were getting addressed, he began experimenting with plastic surgery. – Lilit 1.1

 

 

MJ was diagnosed with Vitiligo, which is a rare skin disease in which the pigment is lost from areas of the skin, causing whitish patches. – Saten 1.3

 

The Big Comeback

 

Before his death, MJ was rehearsing for his greatest comeback with around 50 shows in London only. The name of the concert was “This is it.” – Vika 1.1

 

 

Pets played an important part in his life. He had mice, snakes, birds, llamas, tigers, dogs, and cats, but his favorite pet was Bubbles- the chimpanzee. – Anna 1.1

 

 

MJ’s 1st marriage with Elvis Presley’s daughter Lisa Marie Presley in 1994 lasted for only 19 months. Later, he had his second marriage in 1996, with Deborah Jeanne Rowe and had 2 kids, Michael Joseph Jackson Junior and a daughter, Paris Michael Katherine Jackson. This marriage also ended in 1999. – Tamara 1.2

 

Makeloi Kalkin, the actor in the famous movie “Alone at home”, is the godfather of Jackson’s two children, Paris ս Princess-Michael. – Artur 1.2

 

In November 2002, Jackson had to face the ire of the media after he dangled his youngest son Prince Michael II over a fourth story balcony in Berlin in front of hundreds of fans. – Nastya 1.2

 

 

 

Later, he apologized over his act, saying:

 

I GOT CAUGHT UP IN THE EXCITEMENT OF THE MOMENT. I WOULD NEVER INTENTIONALLY ENDANGER THE LIVES OF MY CHILDREN.” – Elen- 1.2

 

What people said about Michael Jackson💛

 

ARNOLD ALMELOR

 

His a great entertainer,singer,humanetarian,he sets a good example,he cares about the world. — Simon 1.2

 

BARBARA BUTTS

 

He broke ground around the world. — Emil 1.2

 

MARYLYN SUK

 

He united the world around the art he created. — Vahe 1.2

 

Well! Nobody wants to die young, but Michael Jackson went a step further and wanted to live at least 150 years. – Lily 1.2

 

For this, he used a customized medical chamber, in which, he could breathe in 100% oxygen, rather than the 21% normal concentration in air. But he died in 2009, at the age of 51, though they say that his death was planned by him. – Hovhannes 1.3

 

Who knows, alive or dead, Michael Jackson’s music and songs are always alive and with us! – Tamie 1.1

 

Now let’s sing a song «Heal the world, and we also have the Armenian translation of the song, which has been done by our students» – Lily 1.2

Myths about Michael Jackson

Skin whitening

In 1993, his treating dermatologist Arnold Klein made a public statement that Michael Jackson was suffering from a rare skin condition called vitiligo. Due to this disease, the human body loses the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, eyes and hair. Moreover, both in individual areas of the skin and throughout the body. Because of this disease, allegedly, the singer’s skin color has changed so radically, turning from dark chocolate to snow-white.

If Michael Jackson did not use makeup, then he would look something like this.

Watch your feelings

Դիտեք տեսանյութը և պատմեք այն, ինչ տեսաք: Ավելացրեք ձեր կարծիքը տեսանյութի վերաբերյալ:

This story telling about two sisters.One of the sisters study very well, always ahead.The other sister also works very hard,but she always lags behind the older one. One day little sisters thoughts materilize and she almost kill his sister.But she understand own mistakes and apologiez.
We must learn that thoughts are materialand therefor we must not do stupd things.

Figure skating

Figure skating is a difficult coordination sport. The main idea is to move an athlete or a pair of skaters on the ice, changing the direction of sliding and performing additional elements to the accompaniment of music.

Types of figure skating

1.Men’s and women’s, single skating

A skater in single skating must demonstrate mastery of all groups of elements – steps, spirals, spins, jumps. The higher the quality and complexity of the elements performed, the higher the level of the athlete. ..important criteria are also the connection of the athlete’s movements with music, plasticity, aesthetics and artistry .

2.Pair skating

In pair skating, along with traditional elements, there are elements that are performed only in this type of figure skating: supports, twists, throws, todes, joint and parallel rotations. ..an important criterion for paired athletes is the synchronization of performance

3.Dance Sport

In sports dancing, an important component of success is the smoothness of movements and an attractive appearance of the couple, therefore much attention is paid to the musical accompaniment and careful selection of costumes for each competition program. ..thanks to this, sports dancing is one of the most spectacular trends in figure skating.

4.Synchronized skating

The synchronized skating team consists of 16 to 20 skaters. The team can include women and men.Neither technique, nor sliding, nor the performance of individual elements in synchronized skating differ from classical figure skating. But there is some specificity of skating in the team, which makes its own adjustments to the execution of the elements. ..the goal is for the team to perform as a whole.

 

 

Homework

Նախադասությունների մեջ տեղադրել a/an/the/—.

  1. Carol’s father works as an engineer.
  2. The tomatos are 99 pence the kilo.
  3. Ben has a terrible headache.
  4. Let’s sing a song.
  5. Amily needs a new desk in her room.
  6. Peter has the aunt in Berlin.
  7. My mother is learning to play the piano.
  8. Do you know where I put the newspaper?
  9. It is better to tell a truth.
  10. That was a horrible mistake.
  11. She is reading the English book.
  12. Did you get the flowers that I sent you?
  13. Which bike do you like? –  a red one.
  14. A house on the corner has beautiful flowers.
  15. Monday is always a hard day.
  16. Shall we meet at the same place tomorrow?
  17. This is the only car I could buy.
  18. The children ate the orange and two  apples.
  19. A Moom goes round an Earth.
  20. What is a highest mountain in the world.
  21. Look at the appples on that tree. They are very big.
  22. A women are  often better teachers than the men.
  23. In Britain coffee is more expensive than the tea.
  24. The life would be very  difficult without a electricity.
  25. I know someone who wrote the book about a life of Ghandi